The Philippine-American War (1899–1902) was an armed conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries who sought independence after Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S. following the Spanish-American War. Tensions erupted when Filipino forces, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, resisted American annexation and declared independence. The war featured conventional battles early on, followed by a prolonged guerrilla campaign after U.S. forces captured key المدن and leaders. Marked by harsh counterinsurgency tactics, civilian casualties, and widespread destruction, the conflict ultimately resulted in American control over the Philippines, which remained a U.S. territory until 1946.